A Language Older Than Words

A Language Older Than Words Response Paper In the novel A Language Older Than Words, Derrick Jensen covers many different themes in the many chapters that he has divided his book into. The two chapters that really interested me were Breaking Out and Economics. The two themes that Jensen discusses is the relationship with the self and other as well as the monetary symbol in our society respectively. I was able to relate to both of these topics in different ways. In the chapter Breaking Out Jensen focuses on the image of the self and the relationship we have with each other.Jensen writes about how we are constricted to our own concentration camp in our society. It is not an actual concentration camp yet it is a concentration camp in our way of thinking and constructing the image of ourselves and our relationship as human beings. â€Å"In a concentration camp, it is better (in terms of maintaining physical life; spiritual life is an entirely different question) to be the killer than th e killed, better to be a collaborator than a resister, a guard than a collaborator, a supervisor than a guard, and better still to be the boss (125). He states that having everyone act in his or her own best interest may not be the best interest for society in general. â€Å"Part of the reason we’ve been able to convince ourselves that by exploiting others we’re acting in our own best interest is that we’ve accepted a severely constricted definition of self (125). † Jensen speaks about how the image of our self is not the image that we should accept. We must break out of that concentration camp that society has constructed and create our own view of what type of individual we want to be without the help of society or the fear of society judging ones self.The quote that Jensen wrote about the concentration camp really strokes a chord in my head. My own analysis of this is that we are stuck as a society by always wanting to be the best and not looking out f or others. The mentality of all men for themselves has spread in our society. I was thinking we are always competing in life. Whether it is for a job or a spot in a class, we are always competing. This competition creates this mentality that it is better to be the killer than the killed.The constricted definition of the self that Jensen speaks about relates to the workbook from class. When it speaks about sexuality and how there isn’t just male or female when there are many different colors of the rainbow. As a society we shouldn’t have to be constricted to what they want us to identify with. We need to break out of our ‘concentration camp’ and create our own identity without the help of society judging us. In the chapter Economics, Jensen writes about the fact that money rules all.He speaks about how everything in life turns into a money exchange. â€Å"I’d like three books, two packages of chicken McNuggets, and a blow to go, please. That which i t is possible to reduce to a commodity and sell, is. That which can’t, is either (by definition) devalued, ignored, or simply destroyed (139)†. Jensen is trying to show the reader that everything has a relation to money. We need money in order to do the many things in life such as travel yet there are things that we don’t need money for. Here’s the problem: in this tidy world of economic categories, there’s no room for love, joy, mystery, for the sometimes confused and confusing, sometimes clear and clarifying, sometimes beautiful, sometimes magical suction of body on body, skin on skin soul on soul (139). †How I see this quote is that Jensen is saying we are so consumed in getting more money that we don’t have time for the things that really matter in our life like love and happiness. I can see where Jensen is coming from. I think our society is stuck into thinking that money is a priority.I think it is important because we do need mon ey to survive yet we shouldn’t let money run our lives. The first quote shows how we see money as a constraint to happiness, love, and mystery. This reminds me of the discussion that we had in class on how we would like to travel the world when we graduate yet we are not able to because of the constraint of money and getting left behind in this ‘rat race’. We have all these obligations one after another that we are not able to pursue the things we really want to.Jensen brings a lot of good questions to mind while reading his novel. He is not afraid to say what he believes is happening to our society even though it seems like our society is corrupt. His thought on relationships opens up my window to knowing how easily people can ‘stab’ each other in the back in order to be the killer not the killed. His topic of money in our society shows how we are truly materialistic. We must give everything a dollar value and if it doesn’t have a dollar valu e then it is not valued. How much is happiness?

How the Characters of Macbeth and the Duke in My Last Duchess Can Be Considered to Be Disturbed Characters Essay

I am examining the characters of the Duke and Macbeth and how they can be considered disturbed characters. The play, ‘Macbeth’ and poem, ‘My Last Duchess’ both show psychological truths and insights into the characters. While the Duke shows himself to be disturbed straight away in the poem, Macbeth’s mental deterioration takes place and develops as the play proceeds. ‘Macbeth’ written by William Shakespeare and set in 1050 contains themes of status, power and death while ‘My Last Duchess’ by Robert Browning written in 1842 shows how status, wealth and the marriage market can affect a man’s life. Macbeth at first is a well-respected and liked character. He shows himself to be ‘brave’ and is given the position of the ‘Thane of Cawdor’. However when Banquo and Macbeth meet the witches in Act 1, Scene 3, he starts to become obsessed with power, ‘The greatest is behind’. This line sugg ests that Macbeth believes that he will become more powerful in terms of his social status, establishing that he believes the witch’s predictions to be true. In this scene Shakespeare uses the weather to affect the atmosphere and tone that the scene portrays to the audience. ‘Thunder’ is used to indicate the seriousness of the scene in terms of Macbeth’s future. However the thunder could also be seen as God showing his displeasure with Macbeth’s choice to listen to and believe the witches. In 1050 people believed in witches, but believed powers to see into the future or predictions, like the prophecy from the witches, came from the devil. The belief the witches and predictions were real, led the events that take place later in the play. Macbeth’s superstition show some insight into his mind-set as it was considered unholy to believe in anything but God. People in the 11th century would see Macbeth as disturbed as he believed in a divine intervention that isn’t his God, however now society would consider Macbeth to be troubled for believing in witches. Shakespeare uses iambic pentameter to show the tension and eventual guilt that Macbeth feels in Act 2, Scene 2 during a dialogue with Lady Macbeth. The couple share lines which changes the speed and tone of their conversation. ‘Did not you speak? When? Now. As I descended?’ The playwright uses short sentences and sharing lines to show that they are having a tense argument. The dialogue also displays how Lady Macbeth can assert control over her husband. ‘You do unbend the noble, strength to think’ as she considered him to be a ‘coward.’ Lady Macbeth’s language towards Macbeth is negative as she believes her husband is too weak to fulfil the predications of the witches and make her Queen. However Macbeth’s dilemma is obvious as he is planning to kill the King and his guilt over his plan makes this a key scene in Macbeth’s mental deterioration. The monarch in the early 11th was to be respected and people believed were divine rulers picked by God. By choosing to go against God and his King, Macbeth displays his want or obsession for power. Macbeth also reveals how disturbed he is in Act 3, Scene 4 and Act 2, Scene 1. In both scenes, Macbeth sees ghosts of hallucinations of a dagger and Banquo. His soliloquy about the dagger illustrates a guilty conscience and conflicted mind. ‘I have thee not, and yet I see thee still’ expresses that Macbeth is un-nerved and feels pressured into doing what his wife wants. Act 3, Scene 4 has a dramatic irony as Macbeth and the audience know that Macbeth murdered Banquo but the Thanes do not. Banquo can be considered a physical manifestation of his guilt, worry and remorse. The ghost never speaks; Shakespeare uses Banquo to confirm the feelings of Macbeth about the murder. It shows the extent of how conflicted he is about the death of Banquo and how power has gone to his head. Shakespeare’s use of dramatic irony reveals to the audience what others can’t see. In Act 3, Scenes 3-4, it is revealed that Banquo has been killed. However the other Thanes do not know this. The scenes also reveal a symbolic fall from grace in terms of the social aspect of Macbeth’s life. When Macbeth was a Thane, he socialised with people who were above his social status. However as King, there is no-one who has a higher status than his which then leads Macbeth to associate with people of a lower class than the people he is obligated to. When talking to the murderers it is pointed out that ‘there is blood upon thy face’ which shows that Macbeth instigated the murder of a friends. The two scenes symbolise how Macbeth has become infatuated with power and is willing to do anything to keep it. This exhibits his obsessive nature. Macbeth’s use of language in Act 5, Scene 5 infers that life is pointless. He suggests that life until we die means no thing. ‘Creeps in this petty pace from day To the last syllable of recorded time.’ During this scene he finds out Lady Macbeth died, showing the extent that he relies on his wife. Shakespeare uses the scene to tell the audience that you can’t control destiny and what happens in life. This relates to his disturbed mind as he tried to control his destiny. An emphasis is put on the fact the word ‘tomorrow’ is repeated. It implies that Macbeth won’t have a ‘tomorrow.’ Shakespeare uses language to show how much Macbeth has changed throughout the play. At first he was a respected character and gradually becomes more disturbed. Thus scene suggests that he is essentially lost and resigned to his fate. The Duke however is a possessive and materialistic character. This is shown through the title ‘My Last Duchess’. ‘My’ displays how even in death his last wife belongs to him even she won’t be his ‘Last Duchess’. The title also displays a theme of the marriage market and the ownership of women. This poem is set in Victorian times when women were considered and treated as trophy and weren’t given a choice in any aspect of his life. This can be referred back to his earlier statement of Ã¢â‚¬Ë œsince none puts by the curtain I have drawn for you but I).’ Browning’s use of personal pro-nouns such as ‘I’, and ‘My’ shows how possessive the Duke is. He only drew back the curtain to show off his most prized possession, his last wife. His need to control who sees the painting and his wife demonstrates the obsessive and disturbed nature of the Duke straight away, unlike Macbeth’s who’s mental state deteriorates throughout the text. The entire poem is an example of dramatic monologue. Through this, the Duke reveals what he thought of his last wife. It is one very long conversation, show the reader insights into the Dukes personal life and feeling. ‘Who’d stoop to blame this sort of trifling?’ The Duke feels that his wife disregards his ‘gift of a nine-hundred-year old name’ and prefers insignificant gifts such as ‘the bough of cherries’ or the ‘white mule.’ Through his later statement, he tries to make excuses for killing his wife. Browning uses enjambment to give the impression of a continued speech. When read aloud, this makes it hard to read the poem without stopping and starting as well as seeming arrogant as if boasting the Dukes achievements. Browning also shows that by commenting on certain subjects; in this instance his wife, can reveal more about the person making the comments than the subject itself. The Duke is materialistic, possessive and likes to show off. ‘(Since none puts by the curtain I have drawn for you).’ He believes the envoy should be honoured to see a painting of his wife by ‘Fra Pandolf.’ The Duke displays his need to control his wife and what they are doing through his control of the curtain that hides his wife. Furthermore, he has control over whether people see the painting and it symbolises his need for control, over his life and others. He uses artwork to control the uncontrollable such as his wife’s affections and others admiration. He reveals more than he intends to when he implies that he murdered his wife. ‘Then the smiles stopped altogether.’ It develops the idea that the term disturbed, for the Duke, means that he needs to be in control or he ‘commands’ for her to be killed or disposed of. Another interpretation of this quote could be that he locked ‘Fra Pandolf’ and his ‘Last Duchess’ up because the painter may have caused the ‘half-flush that dies along her throat’ In ‘My Last Duchess,’ Browning’s use of language indicates that while the words are polite, the meanings behind them are savage. The use of caesura cuts the poetry in half and the use of dashes dictates the Dukes tone. ‘I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped.’ While the line itself seems meaningless, his earlier statements such as ‘looking as if she were alive’ and ‘blame this sort of trifling’ gives the impression that he murdered or imprisoned his wife. Browning purposely uses the next lines to show the Duke has given to much away, ‘Will’t thee please rise?’ This refers to his psychological state as he has revealed that he doesn’t care about killing his spouse but he is worried about revealing too much to an envoy. An emphasis is put on his quick change of topic through the use of caesura, ‘As if alive. Will’t thee†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ It cuts the poetry in half and shows he has revealed too much into his personal life. After quickly changing the subject the Duke goes back to showing of his wealth. The final lines of the poem show a powerful image, ‘Notice Neptune, though. Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity.’ The imagery represents a man taming a woman, which suggests to the reader that women are inferior to men. A different perspective could be that women are animals that need to be tamed. The poem was written in 1842 when women were considered inferior to men and the image of Neptun e and his sea-horse represents this. The Duke once again returns to possessions, with all his money and power, he can’t buy love. The Duke doesn’t realise how much of himself he has given away throughout the criticism of his wife. It suggests that part of his disturbed nature comes from not have affection. The Duke and Macbeth are both similar characters as they both hold a high status and money. However while the ‘Thane of Cawdor’ and eventually ‘the King of Scotland’ holds his wife in high regard, the Duke is disrespectful towards his. A theme of both the poem and the play is how women act and how they were treated. In ‘My Last Duchess,’ the wife acts like a traditional wife in the 1800’s. She seems to be modest, ‘half flush that dies along her throat’ and easily pleased, ‘She looked on and her looks went everywhere.’ Women at the time were considered possessions and trophies by their father and later their husband. In contrast, Lady Macbeth is revealed to be the dominant partner. In Act 1, Scene 5, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are discussing murdering King Duncan. She asserts her control over him insults him and tells him not to give anything away. ‘Your face, my thane, is a book where men May read strange matters.’ Shakespeare depicts Lady Macbeth as an equal in her relationship, while Browning presents the Duchess as an obedient wife.

Teams Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teams Assignment - Essay Example In the movie miracle’ the team focused is U.S. men’s ice hockey that won the gold medal in the Winter Olympics back in 1980. This team was focused on their game and played it with a passion despite coming from different backgrounds. Their coach ensured they did their best and still had time for their loved ones like family. Their main objective was to win in all matches and they accomplished it by winning the gold medal. The team’s coach Herb Brooks used the transactional style in leadership. He made the team members achieve their goals by motivating them with rewards and punishment. Brooks used punishment to correct and improve the team’s performance by implementing the ‘herbies’ punishment as the team members called it deriving it from his name Herb. The punishment was meant to increase the team’s efficiency in routines and skills and remind them their major goal. This happened after the team went into a draw while playing with the Norwegian National Team in Oslo. Brooks noted that his team got distracted by the blond girls who were cheering on the teams. Its then that brooks used his drill the ‘herbies’ in this drill the team would sprint back and forth together across the ice, over and over, he made the team run into the night asking them who they played for as they run, one player Mike Eruzione got exhausted and answered that he played for the United States of America and Brooks ended the drill. After the drill the team went on winning the next matches that followed. For a group to easily develop, the use of Tuckman’s model should be implemented. It consists of the forming, storming, norming, and performing.All these help find problems, find the solutions, plan their work, and present the final results. In forming, the team members get to meet and know each other; they exchange information about themselves and make friends. Many members tend to be shy or give first impressions as behaving well or matured. The members at this stage

EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

EXAM - Essay Example Space geodesy is also known as satellite geodesy. Point positioning is a major application that accurately determines the coordinates of points in space, land and sea. The locations of points are determined by linking measurements of known points with terrestrial positions that are not known.It may include transformation between astronomical C.S and terrestrial C.S. Use of GPS satellites, triangulation and other satellite geodesy are used to for the known points positioning. The satellite geodesy is relevant in intersatellite tracking. Space geodesy determines the positions of points, both relatively and absolutely. Space geodesy, currently, has been formed to provide abundant and accurate geodetic data than the classical systems. Satellite geodesy helps in determination of precise local or regional geodetic control, earth’s gravitational pull determination and modelling and measurement of geodynamic phenomenon. Geodynamic phenomenon include polar motion,crustal deformation and the earth’s rotation. Space geodesy consists observation and computational techniques which allow for solutions above geodetic problems by precise measurements to or from artificial satellites. This is the geodesy aspect that strictly concerns geometrical relationships of the earth’s surface. The earth’s surface is measured in different ways, such as triangulation, electronic surveys and trilateration for the purpose of determining the shape, size of the earth and the precise location of points on the surface of the earth. Geometric geodesy is a science that considers the geoid by the use of astrogeodetic method. Most of the spatial data errors are processing errors: Numerical errors, cascading errors, topological errors, digitizing and geocoding errors. Processing errors are those errors that are introduced during digitizing and processing. For example, conversion of data from raster to

Russian Independence in and how it relates to Edmund Burke's Theory Term Paper

Russian Independence in and how it relates to Edmund Burke's Theory - Term Paper Example (Bova, 2003, pg 9) Overview of Russian history In the period between 1970s and early 1980s, Russia was a calm nation that maintained the status quo. The president at that time, Leonid Brezhnev, was widely regarded as an incompetent leader, who kept a cabinet full of old, tired individuals who were not highly charged nor inspired. Moreover, the military kept away from political matters and there were not even the slightest sense of unrest among the population. However, this state had a negative impact on Russia’s economy at the time and she started falling behind economically as compared to other nations such as the United States, Japan Europe and China (Hough 61). The turn of events that eventually led to the revolution after the 1989 elections have the symptoms like the ones held by Edward Burke in his theory of modern revolution. This paper, therefore seeks to argue the events that led to the Russian coup de tat and to provide evidence whether they conformed or disagreed to the theory proposed by Burke. An overview of Edmund Burke’s Theory of Modern Revolution Burke started to have thoughtful insights into political matters such as the French revolution as early as 1787-8. He accurately predicted that the revolution will be a total catastrophe. He attributed it mostly to philosophies that had created a rift between divine will the general human population. Burke had two insights concerning modern revolution in France. One, he believed that the French still had the aspects of the ancient constitution and he gave an example of the ancient constitution of England. He believed that after the constitutions reforms, there was great possibility of adopting a good constitutional progress that would be peaceful. He believed that there was no need for any inhuman acts that would bring down prominent leaders that ruled the land. He never believed or advocated for the revolution way of dealing with political matters. These revolution issues lead to Burke wa nting to get more insights into it. It leads many people to know Burke as the inciter of conservativeness during the century. He argued that revolution would be the last solution in resolving the catastrophes that entangled any government. He viewed revolutions as a past gone philosophy, which easily destroyed the morality of the society, and in fact it broke the social ties the society enjoyed. Revolution, according to Burke, is a process that undermined the essence of civilization. He looked at the revolution approach as the destructor of the normal orders and positional powers. Authority was undermined by revolution also. He viewed that those who did not respect the law, and those that used violence to enforce their ideas, were the main cause of revolution, which had the basis of destruction and harmful intentions. (Burke & Clark, 2001, pg 69) Burke’s theory did not analyze what revolution was all about, but focused on the originality of the revolution, the violence and th e religious implications it caused to the society, the sudden collapse of the government, and the results all these actions lead to. Burke therefore had an outstanding opinion that was greatly respected in the nineteenth century. His support for the older reign in France was the main pointer to how he greatly opposed revolution. He

How Advertising is influenced by Ethics Research Paper

How Advertising is influenced by Ethics - Research Paper Example the literature review below, a comprehensive discussion on the different aspect of ethics and its influence on advertising for healthcare segment has been stated, which will assist the readers in getting a glimpse of the control that ethical advertising has on healthcare segment. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Influence of Ethics in Advertising Advertisements influence the thought process of the people and modify their outlook and behavior for the environment around them and the world. Therefore, moral principles, which are better known to be ethics, should be taught and understood by the advertisers, so that they can positively deliver the message that they intend to transmit. Ethics in advertising involves certain moral principles that have crucial role. The moral principle mainly emphasize on truthfulness, social dignity and responsibility of human beings. Truthfulness or honesty is the first characteristics that every advertisement must possess. Misrepresentation of information or exag geration should be strictly avoided. On the other hand, human dignity should not be harmed through advertisement, through criticism that violates rights or involves discriminations on any grounds. Ethics is just the starting point in advertising. The ethical decisions that are taken by the advertisers are generally complex and it includes steering through a moral maze of contradictory forces. When advertisements are developed by marketers, contradictions are apparent between cost and ethics, strategy and ethics or effectiveness and ethics. It is the obligation of the advertiser or the advertising professional to have an absolute knowledge of the industry standards, so that tactics can be executed without barring the industry norms. In these situations, aspects like personal judgment and... According to a customer, advertising is a way by which marketers can demonstrate about their product and lure them to buy it. However, advertising is not mere a lure game. It goes beyond just showing what is there to be sold. It is a serious business, which might cost lives of customers if not ethically done. In this research paper, the focus was on exploring the influence of ethics in advertising in healthcare marketing. Healthcare marketing involves promoting medicines, healthcare service by hospital and physicians, etc. Ethics is the most significant characteristics in advertising, but in healthcare segment, it is further important because it involves well-being of humans and animals too. Every country has their set of regulations and code of ethics for advertising, marketing or promotion. However, innumerable cases of misrepresentation, unethical practice, exaggeration, false claims, etc reveal that there are loop hole in codes of ethics which are being taken advantage of. There are no restrictions on freedom of speech or expression in any country, but it would be recommended that stricter laws for advertisement selection or broadcasting on television or online platforms.

Leadership Challenge and Charge Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Challenge and Charge - Research Paper Example Strategic thinking is similar to that of cognitive ability. Strategic thinking involves proper analysis of the problem. It does not end with mere analysis of the problem, instead planning and arriving at a solution is also considered as strategic thinking. The team leader or the manager should analyze the problems in all perspectives so that the corresponding decision or solution eradicates the problem. Another important factor is managing change and strategic thinking revolves around this concept which highlights the most prominent features of this concept. The cognitive ability, strategic thinking and analytical skills are considered as the basic requirement of a leader. Decision making skill is also one among the most important skills which a leader should possess. It is the ability to arrive at a decision based on the problem and in certain cases it might also depend on a particular situation. (Manning & Curtis, 2003). Apart from these factors, the skill to manage the difference in opinion among the team members is also required. This skill brings about several changes in the organization and hence it is considered as the crucial one. The scenario changes after every decision and this is the main reason why a leader is expected to possess the decision making skill. Though these skills play a major role in shaping up a leader, the interpersonal skills are also equally important. The Art of Leadership also includes coaching ability and learning skills that will help the leader to manage the team effectively. (Grint, 2001). Team leaders or managers must know how to coach the team members or the trainees. This in turn will enable the employees to perf orm in a better way. The interaction with the team increases the productivity of the organization as it motivates the employees to work towards achieving their goal. The art of leadership not only covers these skills, but

Rock and roll music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rock and roll music - Essay Example The speaker in the song is a male lover who has lost his partner. He acknowledges that he is very lonely so that he now found a new place to stay, at the Heartbreak Hotel. He speaks in the first person and so the song effectively communicates the deep emotions of the speaker. Consequently, he is able to present a realistic situation and causes his listeners to empathize with him. Moreover, the narrator uses simple yet vivid imageries which many people understand and relate with. He speaks of a feeling and circumstance which every individual somehow experiences one way or another, a familiar episode which is easily understood by listeners of different ages. Presley, as the speaker and singer, effectively expresses the message of the song through a manner that is not boring or ordinary but through his unique way of singing he was known to be a king of. The text of course tells the pathetic story of a man left by his lover. He now lives alone lonely at heartbreak hotel with other heartbroken people. He says that the men who are there have been crying for so long while the women wore black dresses. Such imagery reflect depressed men and women who did not simply lost their lovers but have lost them forever so that there seems to be no tomorrow. As their love died when their lovers left, they feel that they have nothing or no one to return to but stay at Heartbreak hotel forever. Such despondent atmosphere is emphasized by the equally melancholic music. Although the instruments are quite upbeat, the singer sounds hopeless and seems to really be crying. His pauses and breathes make him sound like a man crying over the death of a loved one. The emotion expressed in the song is quite strong and moving. What makes the song more expressive perhaps is the use of double entendre. For instance, in the third verse, a picture of the hotel attendant

The Impact of Trauma and Urban Poverty on Family Systems Research Paper

The Impact of Trauma and Urban Poverty on Family Systems - Research Paper Example Poverty will translate to the family being unable to meet their daily needs, parents will be unable to have control over the family, and quarrels and misunderstandings are likely to occur. Poverty has been blamed for many cases of breakup in families because everyone wants to go his or her own way to find a favorable life. Poverty affects a child’s physical development in that the poor family cannot afford proper nutrition to foster the growth of the child. Poor families will only afford meals once or twice in a day, and for a child to grow, proper nutrition is necessary. Poverty also means that the family will not be able to  access proper medical attention and in case of sickness, inferior treatment methods will be used, and the child’s health will deteriorate hence undermining proper physical development (Eamon, 2001). Poor quality housing because of poverty can contribute to frequent illnesses in children because they may be living in dirty environments, and this stunts physical development. Proper nutrition is imperative for the development of cognitive capabilities and since with poverty comes poor nutrition, the children in the poor families will be malnourished. Being malnourished implies that body organs will lack sufficient energy for body organs and tissues to be healthy and functional. If the body organs and tissues do not function properly, this translates to poor cognitive capabilities since the body cannot respond satisfactorily to external factors. This is because illnesses are likely to set in the child’s body hence causing a holdup in the cognitive development of the child.

Vampires in Society and Mass Media Essay Example for Free

Vampires in Society and Mass Media Essay Vampires. The living dead. Immortals. They go by many names, but whatever they are called, they are known by people in every culture. They haunt our nightmares and color our dreams, turning the night into a sinister and mysterious place. Whether we see them in movies or books, or hear their stories around the campfire, vampires are all around us, rooted deep in our minds. But what are vampires, exactly, and where did they come from? The unknown has always been a cause for fear in people. The dark, death- we don’t know what they hold, and our imaginations run wild trying to prepare our minds. â€Å" it is not surprising that primitive societies the world over†¦ have created whole pantheons of gods and demons, all supposedly out to gorge themselves on human flesh and blood.† (Frost, 1989) Legends stem back to the beginnings of religious lore, of a female vampire called Empusae by the Greeks, Lamia by the Romans, Lilitu by the Babylonians, and Lilith by the Hebrews, a succubus bent on the ensnarement of young men. So how do people think of vampires today? Until recently, the stereotypical vampire was known to be pale-skinned and soulless; a killer who gorged on blood to survive, who had no reflection and could not bear the presence of any holy object or garlic, could not cross running water, and could be killed with a stake through the heart or from exposure to sunlight, which burned. Today, many different variations of the legend exist, from psychic vampirism, which is a mysterious process whereby certain persons are able to steal other peoples vitality without even touching them (Frost, 1989), to vampirism of a scientific nature, existing in a normal human with a soul. While on the subject of vampires, one must also talk about their slayers. The name Van Helsing always comes up when on the topic of vampire slayers, whether its Abraham Van Helsing form the original Dracula, or Gabriel Van Helsing from the movie, Van Helsing. One must also mention Buffy Summers, from the popular 90s television show, Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Each of these characters hunts and kills evil vampires that prey on and murder innocent victims. They are the heroes. In some stories, however, the vampire slayers are the villains, attempting to murder vampires seen as good or innocent, a newer concept. The most well-known vampire story is Bram Stokers 1897 book, Dracula. Set in Victorian London, it tells the story of Jonathan Harker and his fiancà ©e Mina Murray. Harker is sent to Transylvania to help the mysterious Count Dracula with a real estate transaction, but he soon realizes that he is being held prisoner, kept weak by Dracula’s three wives. Dracula then travels to London and begins feeding on Lucy Westenra, a friend of Minas. Her fiancà ©e, Arthur Holmwood, later known as Lord Godalming, and other suitors, Quincy P. Morris and Dr. John Seward, enlist the help of Dr. Abraham Van Helsing, â€Å"renowned as a specialist in rare diseases of the blood† (Joshi, 2011), when they see her wasting away, and attempt to give her multiple blood transfusions, but she eventually dies and rises again as a vampire to feed on the young children of London. Harker manages to escape from the ‘sisters’ and is met by Mina in Budapest, where they are married before ret urning to England. Dracula begins visiting Mina, and the men quickly realize what is happening to her. With her help, they lure Dracula back to his Transylvanian castle, â€Å"where he is dispatched (with knives) by Harker and Morris† (Joshi, 2011). Originally entitled The Un-Dead, Dracula is written in the form of notes in shorthand and transcribed on typewriters, gramophone recordings, telegraph messages, and journal entries of the various characters. The Count himself is the only major character who does not narrate the story at some point. While Dracula is certainly now well-known by most everyone, it did not become popular until it was adapted for film and the stage. At the Lyceum Theater in London in 1987, Bram Stoker presented a stage reading of an abbreviated version of Dracula. This helped him secure the performance rights for his novel. The first Dracula movie was made in 1922 and titled Nosferatu in an attempt to avoid paying royalties to the Stoker estate. 1931 introduced perhaps the most famous Dracula yet known in Bela Lugosi, a Hungarian actor whose voice and physical appearance formed the character of Dracula for many years to come. Many other adaptations have since been created, the most recent being Bram Stoker’s Dracula in 1992. The closest match to Bram Stoker’s original book is the 1972 film version of Count Dracula. â€Å"Anne Rice has long been credited with reviving the vampire as a cultural icon, introducing it to a huge mainstream audience and influencing most interpretations of the archetype that followed hers.† (Joshi, 2011) Although she originally had trouble reading as a child, Rice wrote Interview with a Vampire in 1973, based on a short story she had written in 1968. Interview with a Vampire is about a man who is turned into a vampire and does not want to kill. Her second Vampire Chronicles novel, The Vampire Lestat, is tells the story of Lestat, who originally created Louis from Interview with a Vampire, and he dissents with Louis’s opinions of him and gives much more information of the vampire world than was given in Interview with a Vampire. She continues Lestat’s story with The Queen of the Damned, The Tale of the Body Thief, Memnoch the Devil, and The Vampire Armand. Then, she crossed her vampire Chronicles novels with her Mayfair witches series in Merrick, Blackwood Farm, and Blood Canticle. To date, Interview with a Vampire and The Queen of the Damned have been adapted into movies, and a play named Lestat, based on Rice’s Vampire Chronicles, has been adapted for the theater. In 2005, Stephenie Meyer began the first novel in her Twilight saga. The series consists of Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn. It follows Bella Swan, an awkward teenager who meets a mysterious boy in school and comes to find he is a vampire. As the series continues, several attempts are made on Bella’s life because she knows about vampires, and eventually she marries Edward and is turned into a vampire after giving birth to a human-vampire hybrid. The books have so far been made into four movies, and a fifth is scheduled to come out November 16. Other vampire stories are created simply as movies. The Underworld series is about a race of vampires that is at war with a race of werewolves, called Lycans. It includes the movies Underworld, Underworld: Evolution, Underworld: Rise of the Lycans, and Underworld: Awakening. Recently movies like Daybreakers have been made, where vampires have basically overrun the humans. In the movie Blade, Blade is a human-vampire hybrid who protects the humans from vampires. Vampires have even been introduced into children’s shows. The Disney channel show My Babysitter’s a Vampire has a cast full of teenage vampires protecting their small town of Whitechapel from other strange monsters. Even in Sesame Street, The Count teaches small children how to count and the alphabet. The 2000 movie The Little Vampire is about a little boy who tries to save his new vampire friends and their family from an evil vampire slayer. Vampires have been a big part of society and entertainment. From books to movies to TV, everyone has heard of, read about, and watched vampires throughout their lives, and it is unlikely that they will go out of style anytime soon. With the Edward Cullens, Lestats, and Draculas of the world out there, it looks like we will always have vampires around, and we’re okay with that. Vampires help us consider life after death, mortality, and even our relationships with other people. They show us that no matter how bad things get, you can always change for the better. Works Cited Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Dir. Francis Ford Coppola. Columbia, 1992. Film. Florescu, Radu and McNally, Raymond T. The Complete Dracula. Acton: Copley, 1992. Print. Frost, Brian J. The Monster with a Thousand Faces: Guises of the Vampire in Myth and Literature. Bowling Green: BGSU Popular Press, 1989. Print. Interview with a Vampire. Dir. Neil Jordan. Warner Bros., 1994. Film. Jenkins, Mark Collins. Vampire Forensics: Uncovering the Origins of an Enduring Legend. Washington: National Geographic, 2010. Print. Joshi, S. T. Encyclopedia of the Vampire: The Living Dead in Myth, Legend, and Popular Culture. Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 2011. Print. Kane, Tim. The Changing Vampire of Film and Television: A Critical Study of the Growth of a Genre. Jefferson: McFarland, 2003. Print. McClelland, Bruce A. Slayers and their Vampires: A Cultural History of Killing the Dead. Ann Arbor: UM Press, 2003. Print. McNally, Raymond T. A Clutch of Vampires: These Being Among the Best from History and Lit erature. 25 vols. Greenwich: NY Graphic, 1974. Print. Schott, Gareth and Moffat, Kirstine, eds. Fanpires: Audience Consumption of the Modern Vampire. Washington: New Academic, 2011. Print. The Queen of the Damned. Dir. Michael Rymer. Roadshow, 2002. Film. Underworld. Dir. Len Wiseman. Warner Bros., 2003. Film. Wright, Dudley. The Book of Vampires. New York: Causeway, 1973. Print.

Business Leadership: Chanda Kochar

Business Leadership: Chanda Kochar If one monitors much of the success that most recognized products have had in the past, one would realize that all these products have relied on proper financial planning to make it happen. It requires a style of its own, a craftsmanship that can aid in distinguishing a product from every other in the market. The role of the leader who manages this is very significant in making it happen. This raises the interest in me to pursue a career leading me to be the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of a company. The sort of leadership skills necessary in making it happen is exhaustive in nature. It covers areas related to sales management, product management, advertisement, promotions, channel management, financial planning and accountancy. With such diversity, a CFOs role is highly challenging from a leaders perspective. He is required to be highly analytical in his day-to-day approach as well as equally creative in planning his finances to lead the company to success. Even those areas which d o not have a direct impact on finance and accounting are in some manner associated with reaching the financial objectives. So, a CFO has to co-ordinate with even such departments including information technology, public affair, HR management, marketing management, production etc. This certainly helps in understanding the challenges that a CFO has to take care of. One can very well understand this in terms of co-ordination that the CFO needs to have with the information technology department. Every promotional ad that is made these days is dependent on the extent to which a company can afford it. As for example the famous zuzu ads given by Vodafone are highly technology dependent. In other words, a CFO, rite from the time he is chosen as one has to deal with the most complex of the challenges of the corporate world. (McGirt, 2007) As far as my personal leadership philosophy is concerned, a leader is required to be a system thinker. He is required to take care of all the people working under him. The entire organization should be worked as centralized and problems related to all need to be solved by a leader. This can be seen from all the leadership dimensions persistent in the company. As far as motivation is concerned, there should be no rivalry on grounds of favouritism in this regard. In terms of operations, a leader has to ensure that there is equal contribution from all. It is only a leader and his ways that can make this a possibility. Also, a leader should ensure that every individual works to the best of his abilities no matter what group or team he is working for. At the same time, he should keep the organizational strategy at the broader level in mind before taking any decisions. Precisely, a leader is supposed to take charge of resolving all brainstorming sessions resulting due to conflicts in views at the organizational level. Also, with strong domain knowledge, a leader is supposed to ensure that any deficiency in terms of talent and expertise in the organization is sorted with immediate effect. Another important parameter here is that a leader is expected to have integrity in his approach. This is because only then would he be able to set an example for his followers. Once the leader is honest in his own ways, his team would work to the best of its capabilities. This is expected to be truer for a job like that of a chief financial officer who has a big team to follow and integrity becomes the most essential part in all the team members. Five Most important leadership skills In the modern world of today, where one can just not afford to lose out on any grounds with the competitors, an organization has to do all that it can so as to turn out most effective. Under the conditions, effective leadership has been found to be the most significant trait to deal with the issues in the internal organization. This has been seen in case of a CFO and is viable for every other designation a person might hold. We are all aware of the fact that an organization can just not do with a half-hearted approach of the members. To make the organizations streamlined, a leader has to play an important role. Leader is a very common personality essential in every area of an organization. Leadership is the inherent quality which has to be possessed in abundance for effective leadership. The most important functionality of leadership is to motivate people to work so as to have enough efficiency from the organizations perspective. This is a characteristic which is common in all the sk ills that a leader carries. Leadership can also be said to be the process by which a leader has the social influence on the people by providing them support and aids who are working for the accomplishment of a common goal. It is leadership that draws maximum contribution from an individual. A leader must possess quality leadership. He could also provide people working for him the social security so that they feel secure under him and should also be able to motivate them for common beliefs. Also, leaders enjoy a number of powers in an organization. With these powers leaders are said to be engaged in power-politics that is using the authority for its own sake. Some authors reflect it to be unethical use of administrative power. Leaders face a lot of problems in an organization in terms of issues related to power and politics. The first one is favoring of own people in organization. Others are related to unethical use of the authority in business process. Looking at the diversities in which a CFO has to deal in, it is highly likely that there would be cases pertaining to power and politics. A leader has to be skilled enough to deal with the same. Considering all these different situations and responsibilities, it is certain that a leader requires having at least some basic skills in him so as to deal with corporate culture effectively. These traits have been listed as follows: (Mason, 2011) Systems Thinker: A leader should take the entire organization into account before addressing any issue. Considering the competition in every field, every corner of an organization needs to be checked of its operations so as to provide the best possible final services or products. This does not only include those areas that are internal to an organization. External interaction has included the outside stakeholders in the organization system as well. A leader has to take care of this region with equal zeal as he does of the internal region of the organization. Every bit of favouritism should be avoided and performance appraisal methods should felicitate only those employees who deserve. (Shead, 2010). From this, perspective, there are eight different traits required in a leader to be a systems thinker. These have been listed as follows: Forward looking: This guides the leader toward successful completion of the project or work. By having an optimistic idea of the entire organization, a leader is expected to raise the level of confidence in the team members as well as in him. Ultimately, it is the overall progress of the organization which is expected by a leader. Honest: This helps in building a non-partial and efficient relationship with both the upper administration and employees hence completing the entire internal organization. Having this approach would set examples for the team members to follow. This would be beneficial in the long run. So, this trait of a systems thinker increases a leaders probability of success. Broad-minded: It is necessary for a leader to be broad-minded so that small matters do not create hurdles during work. At times, a leader is expected to ignore a number of activities in the system for the ultimate benefit of the system. So, ignorance accompanied by patience helps in making this happen. Ambitious: An ambitious leader can handle new and creative projects more willingly. Being a systems thinker, a leader can very well distribute work load amongst the organizational members. This would make it easy for the new projects to be handled. A reason for the same is that only a leader who is a systems thinker would be able to know distinguished qualities of every individual within an organization, thus using his ambitious nature to work it best for overall success. Competent: There is competition in business everywhere. The leader must be competitive in order to survive. Only a systems thinker can afford to be competitive. He would thus know the areas which would serve as core competencies for his team and improve accordingly to beat the competitors in every respect. Caring: A caring leader motivates and manages workforce more efficiently. Here, caring does not only refer to the employees. It also relates to the reputation of the organization. This is where a systems approach comes into play. It is the emotion that a leader develops for the benefit of the organization that takes his team forward. Inspiring: A leader who inspires his workforce better can extract more from his employees. Here again, the mentioned workforce is in totality. The motivation appeals of systems thinker is highly significant in making it happen. Communication Skills: A leader should be able to communicate all his ideas and perspective so that it reaches even the bottom most classification of employees. In fact personal interaction should be most possible so that it is justifiable to all. Communication skills required in a leader can be better understood as follows: Interpersonal Role: This is a role of a leader that provides information to all the other parts of the organization. Also its purpose is to receive feedback from the rest of the organization. The following characteristics come under this: -Figurehead: A leader should create an impression amongst the organizational members so that his orders are respected and he is considered worthy enough to have the final say in organizational issues. This can be developed by giving equal opportunities to all the members. In other words, a leader has to be a common favorite for an organization to succeed. Here, the concept of election can be taken into account for getting the best results. One must understand that it is the job of a leader to create an employee friendly environment. This is much associated with the organizational success. The reason for the same is that once the employees are contented enough, they would be ready to deliver the best possible and hence make the best fortunes for the organization. (Communication skills for the Leader and Manager , 2011) -Liaison: Communication skills are not only handy within the organization. An equitable responsibility exists for maintaining outside relations. A leader is a representative of the organization. The ways in which he deals with the people external to the organization, decides the forward link. Patience as well as intelligence at the same time is extremely fruitful in making this a possibility. None of the functionalities in a system would be required if a leader lacks in this very requisite. Informational Role: This performs a processing on the information provided by the organization and gives it to decisional authority. Its basic functions are: -Monitor: There are numerous activities going around in the vicinity of an organization. A leader is expected to manage them all. But when the strength of an organization is big, monitoring every department would not be possible for a leader. Here team work becomes important. A leader would monitor the different teams in on organization by maintaining terms with the sub level leaders. -Disseminator: Every bit of information that originates from a leader should be disseminated at an appropriate time to all the departments of the organization. This has a number of benefits associated with it. The first is that once the shop floor staff knows the strategies of the organization, they would be able to incline themselves accordingly. Also, they would develop respect for the leader having been given the privilege to have access to vital information about the organization. This ultimately lifts the work spirit of the entire organization. The skill also lies in laying the boundary between the confidential information about the organization and access of the same to the employees. Every level should certainly have authenticity of information. So, a leader has to establish a trade-off between accessibility and security at the same time. This is where the disseminator quality of a leader comes into play. (Forster, 2010) -Spokesperson: This is another important communication skill of a leader. No matter who does the backhand work and the scripting, it is finally the leader who is the spokesperson. So, this trait determines the presentation skills of a leader. It marks the beginning of association of an organization with another. Good Listener: A leader should give equal opportunities to all his team members so that they can contribute to the organizations welfare. A direct interaction of a simple salesman with customers could be very useful for the leader to incorporate changes if required. The following are the common errors made by the leaders at the workplace which results in disturbed organization of employees and colleagues sometimes when a leader is not a good listener. This typically reduces the loyalty of employees towards the leader. It also makes the employees less satisfied by the job environment and thus results in increased job turnover and thus decreased productivity. Feeling that the leader alone is responsible for carrying out the responsibilities of an organization can widen the gap between the employees and the leader. All the skills that have been discussed so far would go for a waste if this persists in a system. If a leader wants everybody to like him, he would probably never be happy with his team. This would result in failure of substantial magnitude. Whenever there is a brainstorming session, there would have to be a solution. It is the job of a leader to be wise enough to get to the correct conclusion, but this is likely to create dissatisfaction for those speaking against the final solution. The leader has to make an attempt to convince the opposition but not waste resources in overdoing it. Until or unless there is no bit of favoritism involved in it, it would be safe for the organization. Excess socializing can also be a hindrance for the organization. It is a challenge for a leader to be able to draw the line between the organization and its external associations. An excess of socialization would reduce the bargaining power of the system. It can have a magnitude of affecting the core competency of the system as well. Also, if a leader is always in a spree to prove that he has the best solution, would go for nullifying his effect. A leader should always appreciate others solutions and only under suitable conditions he should discard others says. Becoming friend of the employees is never a good practice. A leader is supposed to create an interactive atmosphere but here again; there should always be a difference between the leader and the team members. If this does not persist, the team would lose accountability. There would be nobody reporting to the leader and the work discipline would vanish. Hence, here again a leader has to maintain a balance in the work culture. A leader is not supposed to do everything himself. This would increase the probability of dissatisfaction amongst the team members because of work scarcity. Also, a feeling of mistrust starts to exist under the conditions. So, a leader is supposed to trust his team mates and distribute work justifiably between each member. These are the common errors made by the leaders at the workplace which results in disturbed organization of employees and colleagues sometimes. This typically reduces the loyalty of employees towards the leader. Hence, a leader is expected to keep his ears open to every requirement of the organization and as seen in almost all the cases maintain a balance in communication. (POSNER, 2007) Innovation: In this world of today where demand lives on the direction of innovation, a leader is expected to be highly innovative in his means to be able to replace every function as soon as it becomes traditional no matter how quickly it happens. Innovation does not only relate to using new technology in improving the pace at which an organization works. (Forster, 2010) In fact every dimension of the system requires innovation. If one considers the human resource system for example, it would need innovation in its management. In the recent days, there used to trade unions in every organization. Today there is no room for such trade unions. As soon as the corporate world saw the need to put it to an end, it did so which has made todays smarter employees easy to be managed. Also, the style of leadership needs to be innovative these days. The old system of tall hierarchies should be removed completely. The degree of customization in this respect depends upon the perception of the lead er about his team members. Also, the degree of motivation in the employees suggests the type of organizational structure followed. For an organization where the employees are motivated from initial times, a flat hierarchy could be followed. For others it would be customized as required. Also, a leader is expected to show innovation in the manner in which he approaches the external world. Even in B2C businesses, the customers are smart enough to seek value addition whenever they are approached. Innovation in terms of technology, work process and delivery is highly material under the circumstances. If this does not take place, the organization is bound to succumb to competition. Also, managing a business requires innovation. The entire supply chain from procurement to customer service requires innovation. A very recent manner is the use of innovative IT solutions in the operational process. This can be possible by using innovative solutions of ERP, CRM etc. It would automate the proce ss as and when a leader feels that one should incorporate changes in the same, he should go for some innovative measures of doing it. (Lee, 2011) Decision-making abilities: A leader should have the prowess to be fast in decision making at the same time consider all the pros and cons of the decisions. A lot of the organizations effectiveness depends on the decision making capabilities of the leader. Here again, there should be consensus of the entire team before a decision is made. This means that whenever required, a leader should have the confidence to gather the entire team at work and reach to the most viable decision taking every constraint into account before reaching to conclusions. There a number if errors a leader is likely to incur in this area. They have been mentioned as follows: (Forster, 2010) Making natural decision-The world is changing every moment. Under such situations, it is not feasible for a leader to make natural decisions. There are a number of occasions where what seems likely is not what is suitable. This requires that a leader is not lethargic in his ways. A natural decision would never lead to accelerated progress. Current demands which are mostly latent in nature do not recommend such form of decision making. So, a leader should be appropriate rather than predictable which is also a threat from the competitive point of view. Being defensive when mistaken- A leaders confidence is seen during times when he is actually mistaken. Rather than becoming defensive under such conditions, a leader is expected to react in the best possible way so as to resurrect from this situation. This will test the leader of his ability to adapt to change in policy. Also, it is fact that learning comes from failures. A leader is expected to believe in this fact and follow the same so that his team members also get the inner strength to get over their mistakes hence improving the morale of their entire team. Giving praise to employees for their answers- There is always a difference between appreciation and praising. A leader is expected to maintain this difference so that none of his team mates develop an impression of favoritism in any of his deeds. Consistent appreciation for good work would result into a healthy competition within the organizational environment where as praising a person again and again can even lead to high attrition rates. Development of three leadership skills Communication Skills: This can be developed by consistently understanding the needs of the corporate both within and outside the organization. The reason for the same is that once there is sufficient understanding, communication would be made easier. It is not easy to develop communication skills in a system where there is substantial bit of diversity. We have seen the case of a Chief Financial Officer. The team or the group of teams that he has to handle is huge. So, understanding the needs of every person would be highly complex if one takes personal interviews. A consistent round of questionnaire should thus be distributed amongst all the team members from time to time. This questionnaire should include all aspects of work culture. Also, it should have a portion for personal views of each employee. This is highly important because better communication can only be established if a leader is able to understand the views of all the employees and the other team members who work under him. Even the factors which are taken into consideration in the questionnaire should depend on the type of situation existing in the industry at the time of survey. The reason for the same is that, it will fetch the latest problems that people have and be more effective in decision making. As for example, during the period of recession the requirements of team members would have been different from otherwise normal occasions. As such periods are highly critical; a leader needs to have even better communication with the team members. So, questionnaires need to be customized accordingly to reflect the time of distribution. Also, there should be training period to improve communication. Working with a diversity of people would mean that there would be different levels of communication between the team members. This could be with respect to language, motivation, level of understanding etc. This can be developed in a span of 4-5 years by getting across all the different situations of business that can arise in an organization. Communication can also be improved by shifting designations. In a span of around 4-5 years, if a person shifts his position in the company, he would get to interact with a greater diversity of population. As a result of this, he would be acquainted with more number of situations in hence develop into a better communicator of things. The position of a CFO should only be given to that person who has the experience of leading different categories of teams so that his experience can be put to use. If every coveted place of an organization is given on the basis of diversities in which a person has been under, it would not only increase the team spirit in the individuals but also make them better communicators. (Leadership Communication Skills The Importance of Connection, 2008) Innovation: Innovation is a part of the original thought-process of an individual. But, it can be developed with respect to an industry depending upon the experience and the honesty of work so that a leader is able to understand the marker better and come up with suitable ideas at the time it is required. It is never an easy task to develop a project or a product for a company. It is also true that this cant be done alone by practising any form of leadership. As it has been mentioned earlier, a leader is expected to have interactions with the research and development department of the company. This is one of the areas from where an innovation proceeds. A leader should be aware of all these innovations and make note of the reactions of the market after every new innovation made in the company. This would give him a better view of the corporate environment which in turn would develop his innovation skills in about 4 to 5 years time. This is a reactive approach towards innovation. A lea der can also look for some proactive approaches in this regard. As for example, if in about 2 years, a leader feels that he is capable enough to understand the latent demands of the customers, he can design products that have no relevance with the past. A lot of stress would have to be given on reliability tests of the product before it is launched. Here, again the communication skills of the leader are under scrutiny considering the challenge behind taking up the job. There could be various example of doing this. For example the introduction of i-phone was a complete innovation of its leader, Steve Jobs who has enough experience to go for such risky innovations. The basic factor for success of this gadget is that it completely satisfies the latent demand of the customers of the product. Similarly, when Reliance introduced a phone in India that was priced as low as 75 Dhms, it sent a wave of demand across the nation. Here again proactive form of leadership can be seen in use. Not only in the form of products, but innovation can be seen in the form of marketing to a large extent. As for example, the different forms of advertisements would largely follow innovation. We have all seen the latest zuzu ad given by Vodafone. This form of advertisement had never been seen before. But, no matter what age group one might belong to, it is highly appreciated by all. So, this teaches a lesson to all the leaders that one can make innovations not only in the form of introducing new products or services in a company. This can also be done by presenting the same product but in an innovative manner so as to attract the crowd even further. Innovation within the organization management has also become highly important these days. HR system would not work in the same manner as mentioned earlier. A company should always use measures like free shares of the company to its employees to show them a variety of benefits. This would raise the level of satisfaction. Benefits like holiday packages, free passes, increased breaks, special meals etc can add to innovative practices in increasing HR satisfaction. Only an experience of 4-5 years would make one understand the relevance of each of these approaches in the HR system. Decision-making capabilities: This trait can also be developed over time, concentrating more on the necessities of the customers and the requirements of the employees at the same time. Decision-making abilities develop as a result of confidence. One needs to be confident in his own mental abilities so that he can envision the situation around him which would give him the guts to take decisions. Being in the industry for about 4-5 years would mean that a leader would be able to analyse the world around him. One cant state the level of analysis that a leader would be able to do. It all depends on how much he can break down a situation, looking at the individual parts and then providing an overview of all of them. Also, decision making can be improved by thinking critically. This means that a leader must develop the ability to be an optimist and a pessimist at the same time. Years of experience would bring forward all the possible consequences and the good possibilities of a decision. A leader should be able to grasp those that are more likely to occur before he can make a decision. For example, for every movie that is released at the box office, there is always a critical review made. If in a span of 4-5 years time a leader can make such a critical review before even the release of a movie, he can consider himself a good decision maker. Development of decision-making skills would also come from being able to understand the value of research. Rather than wasting too much in a particular direction, a good decision maker would know exactly what would be most beneficial. Research conducted by Coke and Pepsi is a highly suitable example to showcase the developed leadership abilities in this respect. Also, a leader can develop decision making by being able to manage the conflicts that arise within him and in the world around him. All these characteristics make up the decisive behaviour techniques including all the assumptions of risk in it. The developed parameters of a capable decision making leader would be his self-awareness, skill acquisition and improved competence. Also, an ability to appreciate decentralized decision making developed over a period of 4-5 years with the above mentioned characteristics completes a leader in this context. (Lessons in Leadership: Decision Making A Must for Success, 2010) Woman Business Leader Here, I would talk about the highly capable Chanda Kochar who is the MD and CEO of ICICI Bank in India. This great business leader even without completing a half century of her life holds this herculean responsibility. Also, ICICI bank, that she leads is the largest private bank in India and on an overall basis, it is the second largest bank in the entire nation. She is the head of the Corporate Centre of this bank. She was born and brought up in a city called Jaipur in western Rajasthan in India. She received a bachelors degree from Jai Hind College in Mumbai and subsequently pursued Cost Accountancy in the year 1982. She has done her MBA from Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai. She has a financial background. In her academic career itself, she received two of the most prestigious awards of all times. She was the proud winner of Wockhardt Gold Medal for Excellence in Management Studies and also the J.N. Bose Gold Medal in Cost Accountancy for being the topper in that very year. The best of all this is that both these awards come in the same year which just personifies her domain knowledge proficiency. Mrs. Kochar has consistently appeared in the Fortunes List of Most Powerful Women in Business from 2005. This is even before she got her current authority. Moreover, she started from the twentieth position in Forbes 100 Most Powerful Women list in 2009. She has also been dignified with Padma Bhushan award which is the third highest civilian award in India. (Directors Profile, 2010) Mrs. Kochars professional career started in the year 1984 and can be divided into 3 phases. The first phase is that from 1984-1993. It was in the year 1984 that she joined The Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Ltd (ICICI Ltd.) as a management trainee. From the early years itself she got the herculean task of Project Appraisal and Monitoring. This shows the mark of leadership in an individual who is given such tasks also in diversified ranging from Petrochemicals to Cement including Textile and Paper. The second phase was that from 1993 to 2006. It was in this intermediate phase of her life that she was sent to be a part of the core team of the bank and set it right. After 10 years of working in the same bank she was given the responsibility to be the General Manager in 1994 followed by which she became the Deputy General Manager in the year 1996. At that time she was heading the Infrastructure Industry Group of the bank. Her basic focus was to create expertise in Power, Telecom and Transportation sectors. Then the major turn round in her career was seen in the year 1988 when she became the General Manager of the bank and was considered suitable enough to lead the Major Client Group. In about a decade from then she started to handle Strategy and E-Commerce divisions of the bank as well. It was under her leadership in the year 2000 that ICICI started Retail business and in only 5 years it became the largest retail finance in India. Then in 2001, her qualities gave her the position of Executive Director from where she heads the entire bank. Finally, the third phase started from 2006 and c

International Law: Piracy, Law of the Sea, and Use of Force Essay examp

This paper will answer the four questions presented below: 1. What is the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over piracy? 2. To what extent may European nations claim jurisdiction over acts of piracy committed off the Horn of Africa? 3. What international law enforcement co-operation mechanisms exist to assist in the investigation and prosecution of piracy committed in waters off the Horn of piracy? How these mechanisms assist in the investigation and prosecution of piracy? 4. What barriers to successful prosecution of Somalia piracy exist? What is the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over piracy? Explain your answer. Piracy becomes one of significant matters across regional, because the menace of piracy attack, especially in the hot spot area as the Horn of Africa is still going up and causes a plenty of loss. As piracy acts as universal crime, so that universal jurisdiction must be adapted to combat against piracy. Although, international community attempts to cope with this issue by establishing mutual-operation, but the final step is to bring pirates into legal proceeding. Some other countries seem to have a limit within their own jurisdiction, so that piracy cases may not be prosecuted after they were captured. Some countries may reluctant to participate in this content as same as reluctant to co-operate with international community. Hence, the establishment of international court which can take responsible on this matter will be an extra option to solve a problem. International criminal court is one of another option that may reduce the conflicts in the case of piracy. The jurisdiction of th e International Criminal Court can be explained under the Rome of Statue which provides a p... ...nal of International Law Rome Statue of International Criminal Court, opened for signature 17 July 1998, A/CONF.183/9 (entered into force 1 July 2002) Totten, Christopher & Bernal, Matthew, ‘Somali Piracy: Jurisdictional Issues, Enforcement Problems and Potential Solutions’ (2010) 41(2) Georgetown Journal of International Law Thedwwall, Craig, ‘Choosing the Right Yardarm: Establishing an International Court for Piracy’ (2010) 41(2) Georgetown Journal of International Law Treves, Tullio, ‘Piracy, Law of the Sea, and Use of Force: Developments off the Coast of Somalia’ (2009) 20(2) The European Journal of International Law Very, Francois, ‘African maritime Security: A Time for Good Order at Sea’ (2010) 2(4) Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10&chapter=18&lang=en

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud :: Literary Analysis, William Wordsworth

Nature is often a focal point for many author’s works, whether it is expressed through lyrics, short stories, or poetry. Authors are given a cornucopia of pictures and descriptions of nature’s splendor that they can reproduce through words. It is because of this that more often than not a reader is faced with multiple approaches and descriptions to the way nature is portrayed. Some authors tend to look at nature from a deeper and personal observation as in William Wordsworth’s â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud†, while other authors tend to focus on a more religious beauty within nature as show in Gerard Manley Hopkins â€Å"Pied Beauty†, suggesting to the reader that while to each their own there is always a beauty to be found in nature and nature’s beauty can be uplifting for the human spirit both on a visual and spiritual level. Wordsworth and Hopkins both present the reader with a poem conveying the theme of nature. Nature in its variety be it from something as simple as streaked or multicolored skies, long fields and valleys, to things more complex like animals, are all gifts we take for granted. Some never realize the truth of what they are missing by keeping themselves indoors fixating on the loneliness and vacancy of their lives and not on what beauty currently surrounds them. Others tend to relate themselves more to the fact that these lovely gifts are from God and should be praised because of the way his gifts have uplifted our human spirit. Each writer gives us their own ideals as how to find and appreciate nature’s true gifts. In â€Å"I wandered Lonely as a Cloud,† William Wordsworth accomplishes his ideal of nature by using personification, alliteration, and simile within his poem to convey to the reader how nature’s beauty uplifts his spirits and takes him away from his boring daily routine. Wordsworth relates himself in solidarity to that of a cloud wandering alone, â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud† (line 1). Comparing the cloud and himself to that of a lonely human in low spirits of isolation, simultaneously the author compares the daffodils he comes across as he â€Å"floats on high o’er vales and hills† (line 2) to that of a crowd of people dancing (lines 3-6 and again in 12). Watching and admiring the dancing daffodils as he floats on by relating them to various beauties of

Pan paniscus bonobo :: essays papers

Pan paniscus bonobo Pan. Paniscus (bonobo/pygmy), chimpanzees, are similar to Pan. Troglodytes (common chimpanzees), in many ways. Because of this, I am only detailing some of the differences. Currently the bonobo population numbers less than 20,000 individuals, the bonobo is listed as an endangered species by the United States fish and wildlife Service. â€Å"The bonobo is threatened by forest destruction for forest products and agriculture, they are hunted for food and sale for pet trade† (AZA, 1998, p.2). Bonobo populations have been greatly reduced by deforestation and human encroachment. â€Å"The bonobo is in high demand for bio-medical research, since hunting bans are not always enforced, they are heavily poached† (Bonobo, 2000, p.1). â€Å"One of the major threats to this species is that its range lies entirely within the country of the Democratic Republic of Congo† (AZA, 1998, p.2). Geographic Range: Historically the bonobo is considered a rare species relative to other apes because of its small range and habitat limitations†(AZA, 1998, p.2). The populations are discontinuous and widely scattered. Bonobos live near the Zaire River in the lowland rainforests and swamp forests. Morphological: â€Å"Bonobos can be distinguished from chimpanzees by their more slender frame, longer hind limbs, shorter clavicle, and smaller molars. â€Å"It has been established through molecular genetic analyses that the chimpanzee genus, P. paniscus, is most closely related to humans and shares approximately 98% genetic identity† (AZA, 1998, p.1). Bonobos are generally smaller than chimpanzee genus, P. Troglodytes and are less dimorphic, males are only 30% heavier’ (Hodgson, 1998,p.1). â€Å"There is sexual dimorphism in the canines where the males’ are longer than the canines of the females†(Flannery, 2000, p.1). â€Å"Molecular biologists estimate that the bonobo diverged from its relative, the common chimpanzee, only about 1.5 million years ago†(Kano, 1990, p.1). â€Å"The body structure of the bonobo is an adaptation for climbing and living an arboreal lifestyle in the rainforest† (AZA, 1998, p.1). â€Å"This little known ape is not really a chimpanzee, gorilla, or an orangutan. It is a very unique creature, whose anatomy resembles that of â€Å"Lucy† the most famous find of pre-human skeleton† (Bonobo, 2000, p.1). â€Å"Because of the similar morphological traits, some anthropologists consider the bonobo to be the best living prototype for the common ancestor of humans and African apes† (AZA, 1998, p.1). Thus, it would follow that the bonobos have many human-like morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits. Natural History: â€Å"Major foods of the bonobos include fruits, shoots, leaves, seeds, flowers, and bark.

Business Research Methods Essay

Organizational Dilemma Starbucks grew as it attracted many people, leading to tripling its stores worldwide. It became part of every neighborhood, appearing on every street, in airports, supermarkets, and roadside rest stops all over America. This is when complaints began to surface that Starbucks is transforming into a fast-food restaurant and not a coffee house. The coffee industry was no longer dominated by Starbucks, for competitors began to put pressure on the business. In addition, the biggest dilemma to hit Starbucks was the 2008 economic crisis. This took a toll on the consumer who saw Starbucks as a luxury and searched for more affordable alternatives. As a result, Starbucks’ management was faced with the need to generate the right management question that would be the thread to making the best decision through its research design. An organizational dilemma can spark a research question. Once an organization determines a situation exists, research methods start to devise and eventually sample designs are implemented. When people think of Starbucks, do they think of great customer service, quality products, clean store, or great coffee? The organizational dilemma is: how should Starbucks go about keeping loyal customers while overcoming the old perceptions and changing with the times. According to Howard Schultz, â€Å"We are not in the coffee business serving people; we are in the people business serving coffee† (Starbucks Board of Directors, 2008). Research Design Marius Pretorius (2008) research infers Starbuck’s organizational dilemma, whether strategic or operational is not diminished when using Michael Porter’s (1985) generic strategies for competitive advantage. Declining sales require a turnaround solution that address strategic causes and cost relationship pressures that govern demand determinants. Which are â€Å"highly susceptible to external influences that are not clearly visible to the decision-makers† (Pretorius, 2008, pg. 21). Designing a two-stage exploratory study to identify the basis of distress and the key determinants is essential to a turnaround strategic plan. An exploratory study provides sufficient flexibility to address research costs, timelines, and development of clear constructs to address priorities and operational definitions (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). The first stage of the study will look to ascertain the causation of the organizational dilemma and postulate the asymmetrical relationships in declining sales by examining both internal and external independent and dependent variables. This research will categorize findings into four relationship types as stimulus-response, property-disposition, disposition-behavior, or property-behavior. This will refine the second stage of research and explore influencing factors in depth. Characteristics and Operational Definitions The research design will produce casual inferences upon which a complementary strategy will result. â€Å"Although they may be neither permanent nor universal, these inferences allow us to build knowledge of presumed causes over time† (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, pg. 154). Therefore, it is important to identify moderating or interactive variable dependencies. To ensure data validity operational definitions will challenge data to meet specific standards. These definitions may not exhibit the organization’s use but will establish a means to classify clearly an event. The main concern is to establish actionable information in which contributory or contingent effects on the original independent to dependent variable (IV–DV) relationship will provide empirical conclusions. References Cooper, D.R. & Schindler, P.S. (2011). Business research methods (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Porter, M.E., (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York, NY: The Free Press Pretorius, M., (2008). When Porter’s generic strategies are not enough: Complementary strategies for turnaround situations. Journal of Business Strategy 29(6): 19–28. Starbucks Board of Directors. (2008). Retrieved 2 2013, February, from Starbucks.com: www.starbucks.com/aboutus/environment.asp Starbucks, (2011) Our Company: Mission Statement. Retrieved from http://www.starbucks.com

Benihana Case Study

Marketing Management Class Notes 1/16/13 Markets: * Consumer market—B2C * Business market—B2B * Global market (? ) * Not-for-profit market—must have higher revenues than cost to survive * ex: health-care: hospitals need 7% more revenues than expenses to survive * Government market Core Concepts: * needs, wants, and demands * segmentation, target markets, positioning * offerings and brands value and satisfaction * relationship marketing * marketing channels * supply chain * competition * marketing environment Marketing mix—4 Ps * Product—good, service, idea, experience, place, person, etc. * Price—above, at, or below market * Place—retail location, channel of distribution * Promotion—advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, PR/publicity Shifts in marketing management: in past: marketing does marketing; now: everyone does marketing * organized by product units; now: organizing by customer segments * using many suppliers; no w: using fewer suppliers who are partners * ex: Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble pampers—no longer places orders for pampers; now P&G brand manager manages Wal-Mart shelf of pampers * emphasizing tangible assets; now emphasizing intangible assets * building brands through advertising; now building brand through performance and integrated communication * good experience=tell 5 other people; ad experience=tell 9 other people * now even more permanent with online ratings * shotgun (dispersed) v. rifle (accurate) * avoid shotgun (avoid developing product/service that would appeal to everybody) * relying on old markets; now uncovering new markets * focusing on profitable transactions; now customer lifetime value * major goals of increasing revenue and market share v. now: must be responsible for return on marketing investment (ROMI) * local; now glocal (local and global) * focus on shareholders; now focus on stakeholders What do marketers do? develop marketing strategies and plans * generate/collect marketing info (research) * connect w/ customers * develop market offerings * build brands * delivery and communicate value * create long-term growth * ex: ivory 1879 and still going New Marketing capabilities: * use of internet for info and sales * easily gather info about: * customers, prospects, markets, competitors * social media * facilitate and speed communication w/ customers * personal marketing (thru email) * mobile marketing for customers on the go * mass customization * bit of an oxi-moron * ex: Levi’s jeans made to size measurements use internet internally and for other than marketing Evolution of the Marketing Concept * Production Concept—production efficiency, low costs, mass dist. ; consumers want the most quality, performance, or innovative features (more, better, faster) * Stool made in cottage industry—individuals made them at home w/ tools on handindustrial revolution—factories, standards, conformity, production concept emerged * Selling Concept—consumers will buy only if the company aggressively promotes/sells these products * Too many stools produced and no one is buying themhow to sell them? must aggressively sell and advertise * Marketing Concept—focuses on needs/wants of target markets and delivering value better than competitors * Quit making stools that people don’t need or want; * must determine how many stools the customer wants first before making them * The Marketing Concept’s—Three Pillars: * Customer orientation * Integrated marketing effort** * Table 1. 1 on p. 23 * integrated w/ other departments b/c marketing interacts w/ customers * Emphasis on profitable sales (not all sales are worth pursuing) * Pillsbury Ex: 1. We make flour†¦how do we make the flour faster and better * 2. We sell flour†¦hired sales people and started advertising * 3. What do customers want that has flour in it—expanded product lines †¦Burger King— hamburger buns, pie shops, refrigerated dough products Ch. 2: Developing Marketing Strategies and Plans * Value—the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service compared to its costs * Determinant of Cust0mer Values: * Customer perceived value * total customer value * Image value * Personal value * services value * product value vs. total customer cost * Monetary cost * time cost * energy cost * psychic cost * in mind—instantly assessing value and weighing it against cost Creating value: * satisfy needs * more than one org * functions of marketing creates value Generic value chain—link in chain consists of: * Primary activities: inbound logistics, operations, out-bound logistics, marketing and sales, service * support activities: firm infrastructure, HR management, technology development, procurement (purchasing) * margin-includes profitability Ex: Levi Jeans Value-Delivery Network: Dupont fibersMilliken fabricsLevi’s apparelSears reta ilcustomer * each is a link in the value chain When value is not provided: * lost sale * lost customer—CLV (accounting for the number of years person would have been a customer) Competitive Advantage—something a co. has that no other co. has * achieved through: * 1. core competencies—source of comp. advantage, application in wide variety of markets, and difficult for competitors to imitate * 2. distinctive capabilities—excellence in broad business practices * involve multiple levels of people ex: ability to innovate, ability to understand your customer, understanding the market Marketing goal=competitive advantage * must be something significant to customers * important in a variety of markets * difficult to imitate Strategic planning: * Corp. Mission * â€Å"Marketing Myopia†Ã¢â‚¬â€see close but don’t see far away; * Railroads thought they were in the railroad business, had they realized they were in the transportation business they could have expanded line to auto or plane * What business are we in? * growth opportunities * growth matrix * SBU—Strategic Business Unit * Resources—S/W Assessment—O/T * goalsstrategies to achieve goalstactical plans to achieve strategies Good Mission Statement * ex’s in the book: Table 2. 5 * identify: * target customers and markets * principle services delivered * org. philosophy * desired self/public image * Mission statement—what the co. does; Vision statement—hope for future Goals and Objectives: * goals—umbrella; hierarchical (at different levels) * provide broad direction * objectives—SMART * Specific * Measurable * Actionable * Realistic * Time bound—for marketing plan, usually a year * for new product, maybe 6 months Porter’s Generic Strategies: * 1.Overall cost leadership—low cost provider; can make stuff at the lowest cost (will have higher margins and more choices) * 2. Differentiation—develop competitive advantages that are diff. from competition * Focus—segment; * niche market focus that has either overall cost leadership or differentiations Ansoff’s Product/Market Expansion Grid: | Existing products| New products| Existing markets| Market Penetration * advertising, lowering price, increasing sales personnel, * take existing pie of market share and try to get bigger piece of the pie | Product development| New markets| Market development * ex: co. hat made lawnmowers B2B (golf courses) decided they could sell those lawnmowers to consumers | Diversification | Boston Consulting Group’s Growth Share Matrix | Relatively high market share| Relatively low market share| High market growth rate| Stars| Question marks (aka problem children—don’t know how they are going to turn out)| Low market growth rate| Cash cows—products you’ve had for a relatively long time but they have slow growth Ex: Coke for Coca-Cola| Dogs| Implementatio n—plansEvaluation and Control: * Set objectives (to be measured) * measure performance against objectives * understand deviations—why didn’t you achieve what you set out to achieve * set new objectives Marketing Plan Parts: * Exec. Summary * Table of Contents * Situational Analysis: External Analysis * Situational Analysis: internal analysis * SWOT critical success factors * Goals/objectives * Strategy—4 Ps * Action programs * Financial implications * Controls Case Analysis—slides being sent via email

Article review of Finance and Growth; King, R. and Levine, R. Essay

Introduction For a long time, there has been a wide ranging debate among economists on the relationship between financial development and economic growth. A large number of them are of the opinion that finance is not a major factor in bringing about economic development. According to the article, these arguments are misplaced because all financial indicators are related in one way or the other to economic development. This is because financial growth or allocation has a direct impact on the distribution of capital throughout the economy. Moreover, the predestined elements of financial growth indicators largely forecast consecutive value of economic growth indicators (Robert & Ross, 1993, p. 729). Throughout the article, the authors use data that is consistent with their main argument; that financial services inspires economic development by increasing the rate of capital accumulation as well as by advancing the effectiveness   with which the economies utilize that capital. However, the authors do not associate any particular policies of financial sectors with long run economic growth. Instead, the article mainly associates the measures of executable government strategies to ensuing economic growth to make policy suggestions. At the onset, the article begins by examining the current relationship between financial growth, developments and their sources. Additionally, the article also scrutinizes the potency of the empirical link between the main indicators of the level of financial growth in the financial sector and the long-run tangible per capita GDP gains. Keeping all economic and other indicators constant, the authors state that they found a strong and partial connection between the average yearly rate of tangible per capita GDP growth and the average level of growth in the financial sector (Robert & Ross, 1993, p. 721). The article terms this study as a contemporaneous relationship because it looks at average growth rates and levels of financial growth over the same period of time. In investigating the relationship between financial and economic growth, the authors of the article first look into some of the major financial indicators used today. The first and second financial indicators are mainly used to establish the relative significance of particular financial institutions. These indicators reveal that commercial banks are more likely to offer risk sharing information compared to central banks (Robert & Ross, 1993, p. 718). On the other hand, the third and the fourth financial indicators are mainly used to investigate the overall domestic distribution of assets.   Any financial system that channels majority of its credit to state enterprises may not be helping the economy at all compared to one that allocates much of its credit to private enterprises. To support their arguments, the authors also present the readers with statistical summaries that prove the existence of a relationship between the four financial indicators and the overall economic growth. The article also presents an analysis of some countries that registered faster economic growth and those that registered slow economic growth (Robert & Ross, 1993, p.719). This analysis reveals the existence of a relationship between increased financial depth and the role played by financial institutions including central banks. More importantly, the analysis proves that countries with quicker rates of tangible capital accumulation and allocation appeared to have more developed monetary systems. On the basis of the theoretical study of endogenous technological transformations, the authors emphasize the idea of creative destruction. Through the application of the above mentioned endogenous technological developments, the authors are able to come up with a more absolute Schumpeterian vision of economic development through integrating major roles for financial intermediaries. For example, the selection and financing of insubstantial and substantial investments that result in innovation. The authors also use widespread regressions to measure the strength of a partial connection between economic growth indicators and the overall financial development. There are a number of ways through which the relationship between financial development and economic growth can be interpreted. However, the most widely accepted interpretation is that a strong relationship between financial and economic growth is a reflection of a correlation resulting from contemporaneous impacts of several shocks on economic and financial development. Much of the investigation carried out by the authors is largely meant to establish whether the prearranged element of the financial sector is related to development and its sources. The results of the investigations prove that the predetermined element of financial growth is a good forecaster of economic growth (Robert & Ross, 1993, p. 743). Moreover, the findings of the investigation reveal that financial growth forecasts both the rate of progress and the effectiveness with which economies distribute physical capital and the rate of physical capital accumulation. This is an indication that the relationship between economic development and financial growth is not merely contemporaneous. Instead, it shows that finance plays a key role in bringing about economic growth.    References Robert G. K. & Ross L.,(1993). Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might be Right .The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3) (Aug., 1993), pp. 717-7